ACIDS

• Sour in taste.
• Turns blue litmus paper into red.

Uses of acids:

• As food:

1. Citric acid: lemon or oranges.
2. lactic acid: sour milk.
3. Tartaric acid: grapes.
4. Acetic acid: vinegar.
5. Carbonic acid: Aerated drinks.
6. Oxalic acids: Tomato, wood sorrel.

• Hydrochloric acid is used in digestion.
• Nitric acid is used in the purification of gold and silver.
• Oxalic acid is used to remove rust spots.
• Boric acid is a constituent of eye wash.
• Formic acid is present in red ants.
• Uric acid is present in the urine of mammals.

SOME EQUIPMENTS USED TO TRANSFORM ENERGY

DYNEMO is used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.

CANDLE is used to convert chemical energy into light and heat energy.

MICROPHONE is used to convert sound energy into electrical energy.

LOUDSPEAKER is used to convert electrical energy into sound energy.

SOLAR CELL is used to convert solar energy into electrical energy.

TUBE LIGHT is used to convert electrical energy into light energy.

ELECTRIC BULB is used to convert electrical energy into light and heat energy.

BATTERY is used to convert chemical energy into electrical energy.

ELECTRIC MOTOR is used to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.

SITAR is used to convert mechanical energy into sound energy.

IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES RELATING TO PHYSICS- PART-I

DISCOVERY	SCIENTIST	YEAR
Electron	J. J. Thomson	1897
Proton	Rutherford	1919
Neutron	James Chadwick	1932
Atom	John Dalton	1808
Atomic structure	Neil Bohr & Rutherford	1913
Laws of motion	Newton	1687
Radioactivity	Henry Becquerel	1896
Radium	Madam curie	1898
Principle of Relativity	Albert Einstein	1905
Electromagnetic induction	Michael faraday	1831
Raman Effect	C.V. Raman	1928
X-rays	Roentgen	1895
Quantum theory	Max Plank	1900

INVENTIONS- PART-III

INVENTION	INVENTOR	COUNTRY	YEAR
Ship(steam)	J.C. Perier	France	1775
Ship(turbine)	Sir Charles Parsons	Britain	1894
Shorthand(modem)	Sir issac pitman	Britain	1837
Spinning frame	Sir richard arkwight	England	1769
Spinning jenny	James hargreaves	England	1764
Steam engine(piston)	Thomas newcome	Britain	1712
Steam engine(condenser)	James watt	Scotland	1765
Steel production	Henry bessemer	England	1855
Stainless steel	Harry brearley	England	1913
Tank	Sir ernest swington	England	1914
Telegraph code	Samuel F.B.Morse	USA	1837
Telephone	Alexander graham bell	USA	1876
Telescope	Hans lippershey	Netherlands	1608
Television	John logie bared	Scotland	1926
Terylene	J. Whinfield & H. Dickson	England	1941
Thermometer	Galileo Galilie	Italy	1593
Tractor	J. Froelich	USA
Transistor	Bardeen, Shockley	USA & Britain	1949
Typewriter	C. Sholes	USA	1868
Valve of radio	Sir J. A. Fleming	Britain	1904
Watch	A.L Breguet	France	1791
X-ray	Wilhelm Roentgen	Germany	1895
Zip fastener	W.L Judson	USA	1891

INVENTIONS- PART 1

INVENTION

INVENTOR

COUNTRY

YEAR

Adding Machine	Pascal	France	1642
Aeroplane	Wright brothers	USA	1903

Balloon	Jacques and Joseph	France	1783
Ball pen	C-Biro	D. Birohundary	1938
Barometer	E. Torricelli	Italy	1644
Bicycle	K. Macmilan	Scotland	1839
Bicycle Tyre	J.B. Dunlop	Scotland	1888
Calculating machine	Pascal	France	1642
Centrigrade scale	A. Celsius	France	1742

Cinematograph	Thomas Alva Edison	USA	1891
Computer	Charles Babbage	Britain	1834
Cine Camera	Friese-Greene	Britain	1889
Cinema	A.L. & J.L. Lumiere	France	1895
Clock(mechanical)	Hsing & Ling-tsan	China	1725
Clock(pendulum)	C.Hugyens	Netherlands	1657
Diesel engine	Rudolf Diesel	Germany	1892
Dynamite	Alfred Nobel	Sweden	1867
Dynamo	Michael Faraday	England	1831
Electric iron	H.W. Seeley	USA	1882
Electric lamp	Thomas Alva Edison	USA	1879

Electromagnet	W. Sturgeon	England	1824
Evolution	Charles Darwin	England	1858
Film	Dr. Lee de Forest	USA	1923
Fountain pen	Le. Waterman	USA	1884
Gas lightning	William Murdoch	Scotland	1794
Gramophone	T. A. Edison	USA	1878
Jet Engine	Sir Frank Whittle	England	1937
Lift	E.G. Otis	USA	1852
Locomotive	Richard Trevithick	England	1804
Machine gun	Richard Gatling	USA	1861

INVENTIONS- PART-II

INVENTION	INVENTOR	COUNTRY	YEAR
Match(safety)	J.E. Lurdstrom	Sweden	1855

Microphone	David Hughes	USA	1878
Microscope	Z. Jansen	Netherlands	1590
Motor car(petrol)	Karl Benz	Germany	1885
Motorcycle	Edward Butler	England	1884
Neon lamp	G. Claude	France	1915
Nylon	Dr. W.H. Carothers	USA	1937
Photography(paper)	W.H. Fox tablot	England	1835
Printing press	J. Gutenberg	Germany	1455
Radar	Dr. A H taylor & L.C Young	USA	1922
Radium	Marie & Pierre Curie	France	1898
Radio	G. Marconi	England	1901
Rayon	American Viscose Co.	USA	1910
Razor(safety)	K.G. Gillette	USA	1895
Razor(electric)	Col. J. Schick	USA	1931
Refrigerator	J. Harison & A. Catlin	Britain	1834
Revolver	Samuel colt	USA	1835
Rubber(vulcanised)	Charles Goodyear	USA	1841
Rubber(waterproof)	Charles Macintosh	Scotland	1819
Safety lamp	Sir humphrey davy	England	1816
Safety pin	William hurst	USA	1849
Sewing machine	B. Thimmonnier	France	1830
Scooter	G. Bradshaw	England	1919

SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS- PART 2

NAME OF INSTRUMENT

USE

Hygroscope	Shows the changes in atmospherics humidity
Hypsometer	To determine boiling point of liquids
Kymograph	Graphically records physiological movements
Magnetometer	Compares magnetic movements and fields
Manometer	Measures the pressure of gases
Ohmmeter	To measure electrical resistance
Salinometer	Determines salinity of solutions
Stereoscope	To view two dimensional pictures
Stethoscope	Used by doctors to hear and analyse heart and lung sounds
Stroboscope	To view rapidly moving objects
Telescope	To view distant objects in space
Tonometer	To measure the pitch of a sound
Udometer	Rain gauge
Venturimeter	To measure the rate of flow of liquids
Voltmeter	To measure electric potential difference between two points

SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS- PART 1

NAME OF INSTRUMENT

USE

Altimeter	Measures altitude
Ammeter	Measures strength of electric current
Anemometer	Measures force and velocity of wind and determines its direction
Audiometer	Measures intensity of sound
Barograph	Measures atmospheric pressure
Bolometer	To measure heat radiation
Cardiogram	Traces movement of the heart, recorded on a cardiograph
Chronometer	Determines longitude of a vessel at sea
Cryometer	A type of thermometer used to measure very low temperatures
Dyanamo	To convert mechanical energy into electrical energy
Endoscope	To examine internal parts of the body
Fathometer	Measures depth of the ocean
Galvanometer	Measures electric current
Hydrometer	Measures the relative density of liquids
Hygrometer	Measures level of humidity

SOME IMPORTANT FACTS(PART-IV)

When cream is separated from milk, its density increases.

For artificial respiration mixture of oxygen and helium gas cylinder is used.

In cold places, to decrease the freezing point ethylene glycol is used.

Hydrogen peroxide is used for oil paintings.

Sodium is kept in kerosene oil.

The heaviest element is osmium(Os).

The lightest element, least dense and most reductant is lithium(Li).

Flourine is the most oxidising agent.

Silver is the best conductor of electricity.

Radon is the heaviest gas.

Polonium has the maximum number of isotopes.

Sulphuric acid is known as oil of vitriol.

SOME IMPORTANT FACTS(PART-III)

Urea was the first organic compound synthesized in lab.

Vinegar contains 10% acetic acid.

Acetylene is used for light production.

Ferric chloride is used to stop bleeding.

Barium is responsible for green color in fireworks.

Cesium is used in solar cells.

Yellow phosphorus is kept in water.

Sea weeds contains iodine.

During cooking maximum vitamins is lost.

For the preparation of silver mirror, glucose is used.

SOME IMPORTANT FACTS(PART-I)

Age of fossils and archeological excavation is determined by radioactive carbon(C14).

Diamond has maximum refractive index and due to total internal reflection. It has luster.

Chloroform in sunlight forms poisonous gas 'Phosgene'(COCl2).

To decrease the basicity of soil gypsum is used.

In the preparation of telecom powder theo-phestal mineral is used.

Potassium chloride is most suitable for the removal of permanent hardness of water.

To avoid melting of ice gelatine is used.

When dry ice is heated it is directly converted into gas.

Saccharine is prepared from toulene.

Cream is a type of milk in which amount of fat is increased while amount of water decreases.

Important Facts about Some Metals (PART-IV)

Green color is due to the presence of Barium in Fireworks.

Barium hydroxide is known as Baryta water.

Osmium is the heaviest metal and the platinum is the hardest.

Zinc oxide is known as flower of zinc. It is also known as chinese white and used as white paint.

Silver chloride is used in photochromatic glass.

Silver iodide is used in artificial rain.

Silver nitrate is used as marker during election. It is kept in coloured bottle to avoid decomposition.

Silver spoon is not used in egg food because it forms black silver sulphide.

To harden the gold, copper is mixed, pure gold is 24 carat.

Iron pyrites is known as fool's gold.

Important Facts about Some Metals (PART-III)

Actinides are radio active elements.

Cadmium rod is used in nuclear reactor to slow down the speed of neutron.

Sodium peroxide is used in submarine and also to purify closed air in hospital.

Onion and garlic odours due to potassium.

Oxides of metals are alkaline.

Silver and copper are the best conductor of electricity.

Gold and silver are the most malleable metals.

Mercury and iron produces more resistance in comparison to the other during the flow of electricity.

Lithium is the lightest and the most reductant element.

In fireworks, Crimson red color is due to the presence of strontium metal.

SOME IMPORTANT FACTS(PART-II)

From 1kg of honeybee 3500 calorie energy is produce.

N2O is known as laughing gas.

Bones contain about 58% calcium phosphate.

Phosphine gas is used in voyage as Holmes signal.

Chlorine gas is used in voyage as Holmes signal.

Red phosphorus is used in match industry.

Urea contains 46% nitrogen.

In the electroplating of vessel NH4Cl is used.

Power alcohol is prepared from mixing pure alcohol in benzene which is used as rocket fuel.

Artificial perfumes are prepared from ethyl acetate.

Important Facts about Some Metals (PART-II)

Chromium trioxide is known as chromic acid.

Nichrome wire is used in electric heaters[Ni, Cr, Fe].

Generally transition metals and their compounds are coloured.

Zeolite is used to remove hardness of water.

In cytochrome iron[Fe] is present.

Selenium metal is used in photo electric cell.

Gallium metal is liquid at room temperature.

Palladium metal is used in aeroplane.

Radium extracted from pitch blende.

World famous Eiffel Tower has steel and cement base.

Important Facts about Some Metals (PART-I)

Zinc Phosphide is used for killing rats.

Wood furnitures are coated with zinc chloride to prevent termites.

Excess of copper in human beings causes disease called wilson.

Galvanised iron is coated with zinc.

Rusting of iron is a chemical change with increase the weight of iron.

Calcium Hydroxide is called Hydrolith.

Calcium hydride is used to prepare fire proof and waterproof clothes.

In flash bulbs, magnesium wire is kept in atmosphere of nitrogen gas.

Titanium is strategies metal because it is lighter than iron.

Group 1st elements are called alkali metals because its hydroxides are alkaline whereas group 2nd elements are called alkaline earth metals.

India's Missile Program

India's Integrated Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) was started in 1982-83 by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) under the chairmanship of Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam. Agni, Prithvi, Trishul, Akash, Nag and Astra also form part of the IGMDP and DRDO is working on the development of specialized missiles.

1. Agni: The Agni missile family is envisaged to be the mainstay of the Indian Missile based strategic nuclear deterrence.

2. Prithvi: India launched the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) in 1983 to concurrently develop and produce a wide range of missiles for surface-to-surface and surface-to-air roles. Prithvi was the first missile to be developed as a part of IGMDP.

3. Akash: It is a medium range, theatre defence, surface to air missile.

4. Trishul: It is a short range, quick reaction, all weather surface to air missile designed to counter a low level attack. It has a range of 9 km.

5. Nag: It is third generation, all weather, top attack, fire and gorget anti tank guided missile.

6. Astra: Astra is the state of the art beyond visual range, air to air missile designed for a range of over 80 km in head on mode and 20 km in tail chase mode.

Climatic Diversity in the Indian Subcontinent

• Due to the vastness of the country and a variety of relief features there are regional variations in the climatic of India.
• In June, the highest temperature in Rajasthan may go upto 55 degree celsius.
• Mawsynram or Cherrapunji in Meghalaya has an annual rainfall of 2500 cm.
• But, in the Thar Desert the annual rainfall is less than 13 cm.
• Indian Council of Agriculture Research(ICAR) divides Indian soils into 8 groups:

1. Alluvial soil
2. Red soil
3. Black soil
4. Laterite soil
5. Desert soil
6. Saline and Alkaline soil
7. Forest soil
8. Peaty and other organic soil

Different Crop Seasons in India

There are 3 crop seasons in India:

1. Rabi
2. Kharif
3. Zayad

RABI: 

• This season starts after the rain season.
• Sowing begins in september-october and harvesting takes place in february-march.
• Rabi season is cooler and drier than the kharif season.
• Wheat, barley, pulses and some oil seeds are grown in the rabi season.

KHARIF:

• The kharif season begins with the onset of the monsoons in june-july.
• The crop grows in the rainy season and harvesting takes place after the retreat of monsoon in september-october.
• Rice, maize, millets, groundnuts, cotton and jute are grown in the kharif season.

ZAYAD:

• This is the summer season for growing crops which remain till april, may and june.
• Products are mainly vegetables and fruits.

Importance And Scope Of Chemistry

1. 20 carat gold is a mixture of 20 parts by weight of gold and 4 pats by weight of copper. Pure gold       is 24 carat.
2. Iodized salt used as table salt is a mixture of NaCl and a small amount of NaI.
3. Cement is a mixture of number of silicates.
4. The existence of an element in two or more chemically similar but physically different forms is           called allotropy and the different forms are called allotropes e.g., diamond, grphite, wood                   charcoal, lamp black etc., are allotropes of carbon.
5. The existence of a compound in different crystalline forms is called polymorphism and the                 different forms are called polymorphs, e.g., ZnS has two polymorphs called zinc blende and               wurtzite.
6. Substances which absorb moisture from air are called hygroscopic substances e.g., anhydrous             CuSO4, quicklime etc.