ACIDS

• Sour in taste.
• Turns blue litmus paper into red.

Uses of acids:

• As food:

1. Citric acid: lemon or oranges.
2. lactic acid: sour milk.
3. Tartaric acid: grapes.
4. Acetic acid: vinegar.
5. Carbonic acid: Aerated drinks.
6. Oxalic acids: Tomato, wood sorrel.

• Hydrochloric acid is used in digestion.
• Nitric acid is used in the purification of gold and silver.
• Oxalic acid is used to remove rust spots.
• Boric acid is a constituent of eye wash.
• Formic acid is present in red ants.
• Uric acid is present in the urine of mammals.

SOME EQUIPMENTS USED TO TRANSFORM ENERGY

DYNEMO is used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.

CANDLE is used to convert chemical energy into light and heat energy.

MICROPHONE is used to convert sound energy into electrical energy.

LOUDSPEAKER is used to convert electrical energy into sound energy.

SOLAR CELL is used to convert solar energy into electrical energy.

TUBE LIGHT is used to convert electrical energy into light energy.

ELECTRIC BULB is used to convert electrical energy into light and heat energy.

BATTERY is used to convert chemical energy into electrical energy.

ELECTRIC MOTOR is used to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.

SITAR is used to convert mechanical energy into sound energy.

IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES RELATING TO PHYSICS- PART-I

DISCOVERY	SCIENTIST	YEAR
Electron	J. J. Thomson	1897
Proton	Rutherford	1919
Neutron	James Chadwick	1932
Atom	John Dalton	1808
Atomic structure	Neil Bohr & Rutherford	1913
Laws of motion	Newton	1687
Radioactivity	Henry Becquerel	1896
Radium	Madam curie	1898
Principle of Relativity	Albert Einstein	1905
Electromagnetic induction	Michael faraday	1831
Raman Effect	C.V. Raman	1928
X-rays	Roentgen	1895
Quantum theory	Max Plank	1900

INVENTIONS- PART-III

INVENTION	INVENTOR	COUNTRY	YEAR
Ship(steam)	J.C. Perier	France	1775
Ship(turbine)	Sir Charles Parsons	Britain	1894
Shorthand(modem)	Sir issac pitman	Britain	1837
Spinning frame	Sir richard arkwight	England	1769
Spinning jenny	James hargreaves	England	1764
Steam engine(piston)	Thomas newcome	Britain	1712
Steam engine(condenser)	James watt	Scotland	1765
Steel production	Henry bessemer	England	1855
Stainless steel	Harry brearley	England	1913
Tank	Sir ernest swington	England	1914
Telegraph code	Samuel F.B.Morse	USA	1837
Telephone	Alexander graham bell	USA	1876
Telescope	Hans lippershey	Netherlands	1608
Television	John logie bared	Scotland	1926
Terylene	J. Whinfield & H. Dickson	England	1941
Thermometer	Galileo Galilie	Italy	1593
Tractor	J. Froelich	USA
Transistor	Bardeen, Shockley	USA & Britain	1949
Typewriter	C. Sholes	USA	1868
Valve of radio	Sir J. A. Fleming	Britain	1904
Watch	A.L Breguet	France	1791
X-ray	Wilhelm Roentgen	Germany	1895
Zip fastener	W.L Judson	USA	1891

INVENTIONS- PART 1

INVENTION

INVENTOR

COUNTRY

YEAR

Adding Machine	Pascal	France	1642
Aeroplane	Wright brothers	USA	1903

Balloon	Jacques and Joseph	France	1783
Ball pen	C-Biro	D. Birohundary	1938
Barometer	E. Torricelli	Italy	1644
Bicycle	K. Macmilan	Scotland	1839
Bicycle Tyre	J.B. Dunlop	Scotland	1888
Calculating machine	Pascal	France	1642
Centrigrade scale	A. Celsius	France	1742

Cinematograph	Thomas Alva Edison	USA	1891
Computer	Charles Babbage	Britain	1834
Cine Camera	Friese-Greene	Britain	1889
Cinema	A.L. & J.L. Lumiere	France	1895
Clock(mechanical)	Hsing & Ling-tsan	China	1725
Clock(pendulum)	C.Hugyens	Netherlands	1657
Diesel engine	Rudolf Diesel	Germany	1892
Dynamite	Alfred Nobel	Sweden	1867
Dynamo	Michael Faraday	England	1831
Electric iron	H.W. Seeley	USA	1882
Electric lamp	Thomas Alva Edison	USA	1879

Electromagnet	W. Sturgeon	England	1824
Evolution	Charles Darwin	England	1858
Film	Dr. Lee de Forest	USA	1923
Fountain pen	Le. Waterman	USA	1884
Gas lightning	William Murdoch	Scotland	1794
Gramophone	T. A. Edison	USA	1878
Jet Engine	Sir Frank Whittle	England	1937
Lift	E.G. Otis	USA	1852
Locomotive	Richard Trevithick	England	1804
Machine gun	Richard Gatling	USA	1861

INVENTIONS- PART-II

INVENTION	INVENTOR	COUNTRY	YEAR
Match(safety)	J.E. Lurdstrom	Sweden	1855

Microphone	David Hughes	USA	1878
Microscope	Z. Jansen	Netherlands	1590
Motor car(petrol)	Karl Benz	Germany	1885
Motorcycle	Edward Butler	England	1884
Neon lamp	G. Claude	France	1915
Nylon	Dr. W.H. Carothers	USA	1937
Photography(paper)	W.H. Fox tablot	England	1835
Printing press	J. Gutenberg	Germany	1455
Radar	Dr. A H taylor & L.C Young	USA	1922
Radium	Marie & Pierre Curie	France	1898
Radio	G. Marconi	England	1901
Rayon	American Viscose Co.	USA	1910
Razor(safety)	K.G. Gillette	USA	1895
Razor(electric)	Col. J. Schick	USA	1931
Refrigerator	J. Harison & A. Catlin	Britain	1834
Revolver	Samuel colt	USA	1835
Rubber(vulcanised)	Charles Goodyear	USA	1841
Rubber(waterproof)	Charles Macintosh	Scotland	1819
Safety lamp	Sir humphrey davy	England	1816
Safety pin	William hurst	USA	1849
Sewing machine	B. Thimmonnier	France	1830
Scooter	G. Bradshaw	England	1919

SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS- PART 2

NAME OF INSTRUMENT

USE

Hygroscope	Shows the changes in atmospherics humidity
Hypsometer	To determine boiling point of liquids
Kymograph	Graphically records physiological movements
Magnetometer	Compares magnetic movements and fields
Manometer	Measures the pressure of gases
Ohmmeter	To measure electrical resistance
Salinometer	Determines salinity of solutions
Stereoscope	To view two dimensional pictures
Stethoscope	Used by doctors to hear and analyse heart and lung sounds
Stroboscope	To view rapidly moving objects
Telescope	To view distant objects in space
Tonometer	To measure the pitch of a sound
Udometer	Rain gauge
Venturimeter	To measure the rate of flow of liquids
Voltmeter	To measure electric potential difference between two points